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Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), founded in 1952 and based in Livermore, California, is an applied sciences research unit within the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). The organization is managed by Lawrence Livermore National Security LLC. LLNL focuses on ensuring that nuclear weapons are safe, secure, and reliable. The laboratory also conducts energy, environmental, bioscience, and biotechnology research. In the 1950s, the organization developed megaton missile warheads. In the 1960s, it developed high-speed cell sorters. The technologies were employed in the Human Genome Initiative. In the 1970s, the laboratory launched a laser research program. In the 1980s, LLNL began conducting research on multiple parallel processing systems. The organization employs over 8,000 people, including 3,500 scientists, engineers, and technicians. It publishes the monthly magazine 'Science & Technology Review' and the biweekly 'Newsline' online magazine. It operates on an annual budget of $1.6 billion.
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