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Carnegie Institution of Washington, founded by Andrew Carnegie in 1902, conducts plant biology, developmental biology, earth and planetary science, astronomy, ecology, and other research. The organization's Department of Embryology, founded in 1913 and based in Baltimore, Maryland, pursues research on cellular and molecular development. Carnegie Institution of Washington's Geophysical Laboratory, founded in 1905 and based in Washington, D.C., studies Earth materials. It is known for its study of rocks found at high pressure, high temperature hydrothermal vents. The Department of Global Ecology, established in 2002 and based in Stanford, California, studies ecosystems. The Department of Plant Biology, established in 1903 and based in Stanford, studies photosynthesis. The Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, founded in 1904 and based in Washington, studies the solar system. It also conducts astrobiology research. In 1904, the Carnegie Institution of Washington established the Mount Wilson Observatory in Pasadena, California. The organization established another observatory in Las Campanas, Chile. The Carnegie Institution of Washington also includes science education and publications units.
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