Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), established in the 1930s and based in Pasadena, California, is a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) research and development unit designs a variety of aerospace technologies. Originally, the unit was funded by the U.S. Army Ordnance agency. It first focused on analyzing German V-2 rocket technology. It tested its own guided missile, Corporal, in 1947. In 1958, NASA took on management of the laboratory. JPL developed solid and liquid propulsion system, guidance, control, and other systems. It also provided NASA with systems integration, testing, project management, and telecommunications expertise. In the 1960s, JPL began developing robotic spacecraft, including the Ranger, Surveyor, Mariner, Viking, Magellan, Galileo, and Ulysses exploration systems. The Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Pathfinder systems were launched in 1996. The Mars Odyssey was launched in 2001. The Spirit and Opportunity Mars rovers were launched in 2004. JPL's Seasat satellite, launched in 1978, tests oceanographic sensors. The NASA Scatterometer measures near-surface ocean winds from space. The Microwave Limb Sounder instrument studies the chemistry of the Earth's upper atmosphere, supporting ozone depletion tracking. JPL designed and manages the Spitzer Space Telescope, launched in 2003. The laboratory designed and built the NASA Hubble Space Telescope's Wide Field/Planetary Camera. The agency also designed, built, and operates NASA's Deep Space Network antenna stations. JPL operates three Deep Space Network facilities worldwide. It has an astronomical observatory at Table Mountain, California. It manages launch operations at Cape Canaveral, Florida. A website provides visitors