A well-known benefit of global positioning system (GPS) technology is support for determining the location of wireless 911 calls, but GPS technology under development that uses short-range communications to substantially improve vehicle safety will be equally valuable. A new class of vehicular safety applications will be spawned that will be based on precision GPS abilities that determine location within a few centimeters. For instance, the Vehicle Safety Communications Consortium has reported that 'the most important mid-range (deployed between years 2012 and 2016) applications will require GPS and vehicle-to-vehicle communication. Abilities supported will include pre-crash sensing, cooperative forward-collision warning, and lane-change warning, which depend on GPS operation in combination with dedicated short-range communication (DSRC). All those abilities scored at the highest level for their benefit scale. GPS will capture critical data, including position, velocity, acceleration, heading, and yaw. DSRC will send data to nearby vehicles and the roadside to begin actions and warnings when required. DSRC, which is an initiative of the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) has been planned for years and is part of the Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) initiative. When GPS and DSRC are blended, many new applications are possible. For example, the current precision and correctness of conventional GPS technologies support new warning systems for traffic lights and stop signs, while DSRC can communicate the phase of a traffic light and the speed and distance guidelines to approaching vehicles.