The National Science Foundation (NSF) awarded $69 million in 2005 to be spent over five years at six major academic nanotechnology centers in nanoscale engineering and science: Northeastern and Stanford Universities , The University of California at Berkeley, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Wisconsin, and Ohio University. The academic institutions will conduct research with industry, government laboratories, and other universities to develop test beds of high-rate manufacturing nanotechnology processes. They will use reliability, defect, and other modeling programs and will consider societal and ethical matters related to use of nanotechnology. The highly modern Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing at Northeastern University has some of the most advanced equipment and abilities needed for such studies. One issue to be considered is the use of CMOS, which may be reaching its physical limits and also generates heat that has to be thermally scaled. When using organic materials, such as carbon nanotubes, researchers now realize that learning more about conventional CMOS is critical to creation of the correct infrastructure for practical manufacturing of bottom-up nanoscale devices. The work of Jenoptik Mikrotechnik, Philips, the Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, and other teams is highlighted. For instance, Nantera has produced nanotube memory devices, and STMicroelectronics is working on development of molecular memory device. FETs, high-Q oscillators, and crossbar switch junction arrays are also made with CNTs. Among topics covered are superior interconnects, work on CNT-based thin-film capacitors, and self-assembling entities.