XML is key to integration of X3D with Web services architectures used by organizations to create cross-platform distributed applications. The ability to deliver X3D data over XML-based Web services is key to adoption commercially. The U3D (Universal 3D) file format specification from the Web 3D Consortium makes CAD data usable on multiple platforms, says Richard Benoit of Intel's Software Solutions Group. Users have created objects with CAD applications since the late 1970s, but a lack of standards and open, affordable tools has stymied 3D development. There is now a demand by companies for a way to use 3D CAD-related engineered data in non-engineering settings, such as customer service, marketing, sales, and other departments. Viewing CAD in mainstream applications in the past required proprietary software and high-end software hardware, and several software vendors have developed digital content creation tools that repurpose 3D. However, the process is complicated and expensive. There is therefore a demand for an open file format, such as U3D, that would allow easier, more broad-based use of 3D CAD data. Another 3D standard is X3D, the successor to VRML, which is backward-compatible with earlier technology and was approved as a standard in August 2004 by ISO. The standard includes advanced rendering and enhanced programming abilities as well as an eXtensible Markup Language (XML) format. Autodesk developed the Design Web Format (DWF) for 3D and 3D engineering design, but DWF is only compatible with Autodesk's products. Kaydara's FBX, now Alias FBX, which is now owned by Alias Systems, is a platform-neutral 3D authoring and interchange format that works with content from most 3D vendors and platforms. However, it is proprietary, so companies cannot build on it and have to use Alias tools to work with it.