At the present time, the path to successful development and use of nanotechnology is solid. Among topics covered include President Clinton's spurring of nanotechnology research, the early work of Mike Roco of the National Science Foundation (NSF), the creation during the Clinton administration of interagency working groups focused on nanotechnology, the effects of the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), progress in partnerships, addressing challenges, and reorganization that has moved the focus away from basic research and into system development that would support exploration-centered initiatives of the Bush administration. The National Cancer Institute's spokesman says the NNI assists in building relationships that get results. The Institute works with NASA on a human biosensors program and has developed a lab for analysis of how nanomaterials interact with human cells and tissue. Support is provided by the Food and Drug Administration and the NIST (National Institute of Standards). Annual increases for the NNI budget are no longer certain to be given, but NASA has had increased funding. Exploration initiatives benefit some small tech in the development pipeline, including nanomaterials and nanoscale sensors, but reduces chances for earlier stage research to be proven valid. Roco and others say government and academic researchers should work with industry, but, in Asia and Europe, programs that will go to a product or market are emphasized.