This discussion of nanoscale materials used as building blocks for process and measurement focuses on NanoProducts' Joule-Quench technology, a vapor method for manufacturing nanoparticles that has been patented. Joule-Quench starts with a solid liquid or gas mixture obtained from the blending of raw materials and a proprietary base. The raw materials added correspond to the stoichiometry of metals wanted in the final powders. In the Joule- Quench process, a combustion product stream is treated in plasma to each peak temperatures over 3000K at supersonic velocities. Subsequent steps result in reduced collisions between particles and generate free-flowing, non-agglomerated nanopowders, which are then continuously harvested. The process has low cost of energy, and with the use of the Joule-Thompson expansion, the Joule-Quench process circumvents requirements for coolants or cooling gases. Another good feature of the process is its construction of distinctive innovations upon the well-known expertise for combustion processes used traditionally to produce carbon black, fumed silica, and other nanoparticles. The process has resulted in methodical and faster scalability and other advantages. The process has produced particle sizes as tiny as 2-10nm, coarser 20-40n, 60-80nm, and submicron particles. The flexibility of the Joule-Quench technology has bolstered systematic nanoscale material discovery and composition optimization to meet desired performance matrix. The volume and pricing of nanomaterials is now in the range where multiple commercial applications are economically attractive.